Flood frequency under the influence of trends in the Pearl River basin,China: changing patterns,causes and implications

Using a nonstationary flood frequency model, this study investigates the impact of trends on the estimation of flood frequencies and flood magnification factors. Analysis of annual peak streamflow data from 28 hydrological stations across the Pearl River basin, China, shows that: (1) northeast parts of the West and the North River basins are dominated by increasing annual peak streamflow, whereas decreasing trends of annual peak streamflow are prevailing in other regions of the Pearl River basin; (2) trends significantly impact the estimation of flood frequencies. The changing frequency of the same flood magnitude is related to the changing magnitude or significance/insignificance of trends, larger increasing frequency can be detected for stations with significant increasing trends of annual peak streamflow and vice versa, and smaller increasing magnitude for stations with not significant increasing annual peak streamflow, pointing to the critical impact of trends on estimation of flood frequencies; (3) larger‐than‐1 flood magnification factors are observed mainly in the northeast parts of the West River basin and in the North River basin, implying magnifying flood processes in these regions and a higher flood risk in comparison with design flood‐control standards; and (4) changes in hydrological extremes result from the integrated influence of human activities and climate change. Generally, magnifying flood regimes in the northeast Pearl River basin and in the North River basin are mainly the result of intensifying precipitation regime; smaller‐than‐1 flood magnification factors along the mainstream of the West River basin and also in the East River basin are the result of hydrological regulations of water reservoirs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西峰油田酸化增产技术研究与应用

针对西峰油田长8油藏低渗、细孔喉、砂岩泥质含量高等储层特点，分析了储层堵塞的原因，通过理论及试验优化出了本区块酸化增产的酸液配方。使用土酸酸化角井成功率相对较高，边井成功率低，复合有机酸酸化增产技术从应用效果看好于土酸酸化，为该地区措施提高单井产量积累了一定宝贵经验。     

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Using integrated modelling to understand seasonal vegetation dynamics and its relationship to runoff generation

Vegetation dynamics and hydrological processes are major components of terrestrial ecosystems, and they interact strongly with each other. Studies of hydrological responses to vegetation dynamics are usually conducted on a long-term scale, whereas the hydrological responses within a single year have rarely been studied. In the present study, Poyang Lake runoff (PYL-R) model, a new hydrological model coupled with leaf area index (LAI) remote sensing products, was established and applied to simulate the runoff process in the Poyang Lake Watershed. The simulation results obtained in three sub-watersheds of the Poyang Lake Watershed (Ganjiang Watershed, Xinjiang Watershed, and Fuhe Watershed) agreed well with the observations (Nash efficiency coefficient values and R values exceeded 0.6 and 0.9, respectively). The PYL-R experiment (PYL-R-E) model was designed as a contrast model without considering the impact of LAI. The simulated monthly runoff results obtained using the PYL-R and PYL-R-E models were compared, and the within-year changes in the differences between the two results were analysed to evaluate and quantify the impact of vegetation dynamic on runoff. From January to July, when LAI values increased by around 2.6 m² m⁻², monthly runoff depth differences between PYL-R and PYL-R-E results increased by 35.25, 27.98, and 29.14 mm in the Ganjiang, Xinjiang, and Fuhe watersheds, respectively. Dense vegetation caused high interception and evapotranspiration during summer, which largely reduced runoff. By contrast, during winter, the effect of vegetation was weaker on runoff process whereas the impacts of other factors (e.g., precipitation) were higher. The sensitivity of monthly runoff to vegetation dynamics varied greatly throughout the whole year. In particular, during August and September, the LAI-caused runoff changes were very high, accounting for 28–42% of monthly runoff in the sub-watersheds. Our findings clarify the effects of changes in vegetation on hydrological processes over short time scales, thereby providing insights into the effects of scale on eco-hydrological processes.     

Rainfall–runoff model parameter estimation and uncertainty evaluation on small plots

Four seasonal rainfall simulations in 2009 and 2010 were applied to a field containing 36 plots (0.75 × 2 m each), resulting in 144 runoff events. In all simulations, a constant rate of rainfall was applied then halted 60 min after initiation of runoff, with plot‐scale monitoring of runoff every 5 min during that period. Runoff was simulated with the Kinematic Runoff and Erosion/Simulator of Transport with Infiltration and Runoff (KINEROS2/STWIR) field‐scale model, whose hydrodynamics are based on the kinematic wave equation. Because of the non‐linear nature of the model and a highly parameterized model with respect to the available data, several approaches were investigated to upscale nine runoff‐related parameters from a series of small monitored plots to the field scale. Inverse modeling was performed using the model‐independent Parameter ESTimation (PEST) algorithm to individually calibrate the nine KINEROS2/STWIR parameters on 36 plots. The parameters were averaged, and bootstrapping was used to assess uncertainty of the parameters via estimation of confidence intervals (CI). A Monte Carlo simulation using the bootstrap results showed reasonable field‐scale representation of flow rates. Median values of calibrated parameters were within the 95% CI obtained with bootstrapping. The simulated results for the median values associated with the 90% CI flow rates produced similar trends as those exhibited with the observed data, suggesting that median values of the calibrated parameters from the PEST inverse modeling could be used to represent the field scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2016年夏秋季南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡威氏棘冰鱼脂肪酸组成及其食性指示研究

作为20世纪70年代末期底拖网渔业的主要捕捞对象以及近年来南极磷虾渔业的兼捕对象之一，威氏棘冰鱼(Chaenodraco wilsoni)在海洋捕食者与饵料生物之间的能量流动中起着重要的传递作用，而目前针对该鱼种的营养特性及其食性的研究却十分有限。为此，本研究分析了布兰斯菲尔德海峡威氏棘冰鱼肌肉组织中脂肪酸的含量及其组成，并进一步探讨特征脂肪酸对食性的指示。结果表明，体长范围为4.8—30.7 cm、质量范围为0.3—250.5 g的威氏棘冰鱼肌肉样本中共检测出29种脂肪酸，其中含量较高的脂肪酸包括C16:0，C18:0，C18:1n9c，C20:5n3(EPA)以及C22:6n3(DHA)，各类脂肪酸类型含量由高至低依次为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)，饱和脂肪酸(SFA)以及单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)。威氏棘冰鱼多种特征脂肪酸含量与体长之间不具显著的相关关系，表明其摄食并不随着个体的生长而发生较大的变化。秋冬季威氏棘冰鱼呈现杂食性特性，主要摄食以硅藻为食的生物，如南极磷虾(Euphausia superba); 同时对底栖生物和海底碎屑也有一定的摄食，并会摄食一定量的桡足类生物。)     

Sensitivity analysis of temperature‐index melt simulations to near‐surface lapse rates and degree‐day factors at Vestari‐Hagafellsjökull,Langjökull,Iceland

The performance of temperature‐index melt models is particularly affected by the choice of near‐surface lapse rate used to determine the sum of positive daily temperatures at different elevations, and by the choice of factor used to relate this sum to the rate of melting. Data from the Langjökull ice cap are used in this study to quantify the influence of lapse‐rate and degree‐day factor variation on temperature‐index melt simulations. The lapse rate was significantly lower during summer than in spring or autumn, as a result of diabatic cooling, reducing boundary‐layer sensitivity to free‐air temperature change. The summer lapse rate was also significantly lower than the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. A sensitivity of approximately 600 mm water equivalent (w.e.) cumulative June–August melt per 0.1 °C 100 m^–1 change in lapse rate was found across a 500‐m altitude range. The sensitivity to a 1‐mm w.e. °C^–1 day^–1 change in degree‐day factors varied more: from approximately 500 mm w.e. cumulative summer melt at low elevation to approximately 200 mm w.e. at high elevation, reflecting the decline in melt rates associated with the greater persistence of snow with increasing altitude. The determination of a degree‐day factor for snow is complicated by the densification of the ageing snowpack, but the application of a parameterization for near‐surface density on the basis of albedo helped account for the development of snow water equivalence. Lapse rate was parameterized as a function of standardized anomalies in 750 hPa reanalysis temperature and significantly improved the simulation of cumulative summer melt compared with models applying the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Satellite detection of IR precursors using bi-angular advanced along-track scanning radiometer data: a case study of Yushu earthquake

The paper has developed and proposed a synthesis analysis method based on the robust satellite data analysis technique(RST) to detect seismic anomalies within the bi-angular advanced along-track scanning radiometer(AATSR) gridded brightness temperature(BT)data based on spatial/temporal continuity analysis. The proposed methods have been applied to analyze the Yushu(Qinghai, China) earthquake occurred on 14 th April 2010,and a full AATSR data-set of 8 years data from March2003 to May 2010 with longitude from 91°E to 101°E and latitude from 28°N to 38°N has been analyzed. Combining with the tectonic explanation of spatial and temporal continuity of the abnormal phenomena, the analyzed results indicate that the infrared radiation anomalies detected by the AATSR BT data with nadir view appear and enhance gradually along with the development and occurring of the earthquake, especially along the Ganzi-Yushu fault, Nu River fault and Jiali-Chayu fault; more infrared anomalies along the earthquake fault zone(Lancangjiang fault and Ning Karma Monastery-Deqin fault) are detected using the proposed synthesis analysis method, which can also characterize the activity of seismic faults more precisely.